Plague - Bubonic, Pneumonic, Septicaemic: Plague is an ancient disease that was described during Classical times as occurring in North Africa and the Middle East. It is sometimes presumed to be the disease behind several historic epidemics, such as the pestilence described as striking the Philistines in the biblical book of 1 Samuel.Before covid-19, this was the world’s most recent pandemic, infecting as much as 21 percent of the world’s population. Swine flu was a hodgepodge of several different flu strains that had ...New plague vaccines are in development but are not expected to be commercially available in the immediate future. Page last reviewed: November 27, 2018 Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) , Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD)The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 °C (101-105 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Of those who contracted the bubonic plague, 4 out of 5 died within eight days.Find 86 ways to say PLAGUE, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus. Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850. [56] Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30,000–50,000 to it in 1620–1621, and again in 1654–1657, 1665, 1691, and 1740–1742. [57] Plague was present in at least one location in the Islamic world virtually every year between 1500 and 1850. [56] Plague repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost 30,000–50,000 to it in 1620–1621, and again in 1654–1657, 1665, 1691, and 1740–1742. [57] a serious disease that kills many people, often used to refer to bubonic plague, a very infectious disease caused by bacteria spread mainly by fleas (= small insects that bite) on rats or other animals, that causes swelling, fever, and usually death in humans:The disease is most common in parts of Africa, Asia and South America, but it also occurs in some areas of the western United States. Symptoms can include an abrupt onset of chills, fever, and enlarged, painful lymph nodes (buboes). Most cases of plague resolve with effective treatment, though treatment must be started immediately to avoid life ...3. The Italian Plague of 1629-31. Even after the Black Death ended, the bubonic plague continued to sporadically rear its ugly head in Europe for several centuries. One of the most calamitous ...What is plague? Plague is a disease caused by Yersinia pestis that affects rodents (e.g., squirrels, prairie dogs, or mice), other mammals (e.g., rabbits or hares), and humans. These bacteria are found in many areas of the world, including the western United States. There are three forms of plague: bubonic (lymph node infection), pneumonic (lung […]List of epidemics and pandemics. 17th-century German "plague panel" depicting the triumph of death. Panels of this kind were placed on the walls of houses to warn against the plague. A plague epidemic raged in Augsburg, Bavaria, between 1632 and 1635. This is a list of the largest known epidemics and pandemics caused by an infectious disease. Plague. Plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is a disease that affects humans and other mammals. People typically get infected after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the bacterium or by handling a plague-infected animal. Although the disease killed millions in Europe during the Middle Ages, antibiotics effectively ...Plagues of Egypt. Scenes from the book of Exodus: The death of the firstborns (including the Pharaoh 's son), and the Israelites leaving Egypt ( Haggadah shel Pesaḥ, 1325–1374 CE, Barcelona via British Library) The Plagues of Egypt, in the account of the book of Exodus, are ten disasters inflicted on Biblical Egypt by the God of Israel in ... Plague: Directed by Nick Kozakis, Kosta Ouzas. With Don Bridges, Cris Cochrane, Tegan Crowley, Liza Dennis. A small group of survivors in post-apocalyptic Australia seek shelter from an infection that has spread like a plague among the human populace.Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. It can be a life-threatening infection if not treated promptly. Plague has caused several major epidemics in Europe and Asia over the last 2,000 years. Plague has most famously been called "the Black Death" because it can cause skin sores that form black scabs. A plague epidemic in the 14th century ...The 10-year-old child who died of plague earlier this month was a La Plata County resident. Plague is caused by bacteria and usually is transmitted by bites from infected fleas. Prairie dogs ...Jul 9, 2021 · Bioterrorism. Plague is an infectious disease that can cause serious illness in people living in rural areas of the western United States and parts of Africa, Asia, and South America. It is caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, and people usually get plague after being bitten by an infected flea or handling an infected animal. It is possible ... Plague doctors, or at least images of plague doctors, are having a bit of a cultural moment again, roughly 300 years after their actual heyday. Subscribe to newsletters Subscribe for $39.99/yearplague: [noun] a disastrous evil or affliction : calamity. a destructively numerous influx or multiplication of a noxious animal : infestation. Play Plague Inc. Online in Browser. Plague Inc. is a simulation game developed by Miniclip.com and now.gg allows playing game online in your browser. There are many more interesting online games that you can explore here. READ MORE FAQs.The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic, which reached England in June 1348. It was the first and most severe manifestation of the second pandemic, caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. The term Black Death was not used until the late 17th century. Originating in Asia, it spread west along the trade routes across Europe and arrived on the ... Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas. It is transmitted between animals from their fleas. Humans can be contaminated by the bite of infected fleas, through direct contact with infected materials or by inhalation.Pneumonic plague transmission Although plague can sometimes spread from person to person, this is rare.1 A person who has pneumonia caused by plague may cough up droplets that contain plague bacteria. These bacteria-containing droplets can cause pneumonic plague if they are breathed in by another person nearby.Jul 7, 2022 · Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas. It is transmitted between animals through fleas. Humans can be infected through: the bite of infected vector fleas. unprotected contact with infectious bodily fluids or contaminated materials. May 7, 2020 · The plague as an actual event figures prominently in only one of Shakespeare’s plays. Friar Laurence in “Romeo and Juliet” has asked a fellow friar to deliver a crucial message to the exiled ... Find 86 ways to say PLAGUE, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus.In a plague emergency, CDC and other federal agencies would work closely with state and local partners to coordinate a response. CDC and other federal agencies would respond by: Coordinating activities through the Emergency Operations Center. Communicating information about plague to the public. Providing guidance to healthcare providers ... Wright — a staff writer at The New Yorker, where the article that “The Plague Year” is based on first appeared — has performed a virtuoso feat and given us a book of panoramic breadth. It ...Feb 28, 2022 · Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. It can be a life-threatening infection if not treated promptly. Plague has caused several major epidemics in Europe and Asia over the last 2,000 years. Plague has most famously been called "the Black Death" because it can cause skin sores that form black scabs. A plague epidemic in the 14th century ... Here’s how five of the world’s worst pandemics finally ended. 1. Plague of Justinian—No One Left to Die. Yersinia pestis, formerly pasteurella pestis, was the bacteria responsible for the ...The bubonic plague - named the Black Death by later historians - was caused by the yersinia pestis bacteria, which lived in rodent populations and was spread by fleas that had bitten infected animals. Once the plague transferred to animals that were in close contact with humans and to humans themselves, it began to spread along established ...Mar 26, 2020 · Collection. by Mark Cartwright. published on 26 March 2020. Plagues have swept through humanity ever since communities have gathered together in concentrated groups. In this collection of resources, we look at just some of the pandemics that raged throughout Antiquity and the Middle Ages, from the plague that ripped through Athens in the 5th ... The Justinian Plague of 541-544 . The first great pandemic of bubonic plague where people were recorded as suffering from the characteristic buboes and septicaemia was the Justinian Plague of 541 CE, named after Justinian I, the Roman emperor of the Byzantine Empire at the time. The epidemic originated in Ethiopia in Africa and spread to ...The plague is treatable in humans and animals if caught and addressed early. CBSN Denver noted that last year, two people in Colorado were confirmed to have contracted the plague, and both survived.Apr 20, 2023 · Plague symptoms are sudden and serious. If you are coughing or sneezing, you should wear a mask. You will likely go to an emergency room. If plague is suspected, you'll see a specialist in infectious disease. What you can do. If you are helping a person with plague-like symptoms, you can prepare for the appointment by taking the following steps: The bubonic plague - named the Black Death by later historians - was caused by the yersinia pestis bacteria, which lived in rodent populations and was spread by fleas that had bitten infected animals. Once the plague transferred to animals that were in close contact with humans and to humans themselves, it began to spread along established ...Aug 6, 2021 · Plague is a disease that affects humans and other mammals. It is caused by the bacterium, Yersinia pestis. Humans usually get plague after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the plague bacterium or by handling an animal infected with plague. Plague is infamous for killing millions of people in Europe during the Middle Ages. plague of [sth] n. figurative ( [sth] bad and persistent) serie, ondata nf. Anna has suffered a plague of misfortunes. Anna è stata vittima di una serie di disgrazie. plague [sb/sth] ⇒ vtr. figurative, often passive (afflict) (figurato) flagellare ⇒ vtr. That country has been plagued by misfortune. Bioterrorism. Plague is an infectious disease that can cause serious illness in people living in rural areas of the western United States and parts of Africa, Asia, and South America. It is caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, and people usually get plague after being bitten by an infected flea or handling an infected animal. It is possible ...Bubonic plague, the disease's most common form, refers to telltale buboes—painfully swollen lymph nodes—that appear around the groin, armpit, or neck. The skin sores become black, leading to ...The Plague Disease and Plague as a Bioweapon sections of this Safety and Health Topic provide extensive information on the hazards associated with plague and applicable controls. Additional guidance specific to various types of workers, and associated issues on recognizing and controlling exposure to plague is provided in the following sections ... The plague is a serious bacterial infection that can be deadly. Sometimes referred to as the “black plague,” the disease is caused by a bacterial strain called Yersinia pestis.This bacterium ...Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Symptoms include fever, weakness and headache. Usually this begins one to seven days after exposure. There are three forms of plague, each affecting a different part of the body and causing associated symptoms.Mar 17, 2020 · The plague resurfaced roughly every 10 years from 1348 to 1665—40 outbreaks in just over 300 years. And with each new plague epidemic, 20 percent of the men, women and children living in the ... Nov 22, 2021 · The Moscow Plague. The Moscow plague hit the earth in 1770. It mainly impacted the Moscow people. And, it was believed to be a replication of the bubonic plague. The plague killed an average of 50 ... Feb 28, 2022 · Plague is caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. It can be a life-threatening infection if not treated promptly. Plague has caused several major epidemics in Europe and Asia over the last 2,000 years. Plague has most famously been called "the Black Death" because it can cause skin sores that form black scabs. A plague epidemic in the 14th century ... Pneumonic plague is the most serious form of the disease and the only form that can spread from person to person. As a result of a bioterrorist attack, sick people would likely be seen outside the areas where plague naturally occurs due to the potential for release in other areas and person-to-person spread between close contacts.The Justinian Plague of 541-544 . The first great pandemic of bubonic plague where people were recorded as suffering from the characteristic buboes and septicaemia was the Justinian Plague of 541 CE, named after Justinian I, the Roman emperor of the Byzantine Empire at the time. The epidemic originated in Ethiopia in Africa and spread to ...Aug 23, 2023 · Plague Inc. is a unique mix of high strategy and terrifyingly realistic simulation. Your pathogen has just infected 'Patient Zero'. Now you must bring about the end of human history by evolving a deadly, global Plague whilst adapting against everything humanity can do to defend itself. Brilliantly executed with innovative gameplay and built ... Nov 22, 2022 · Explore the history of the European plague doctor, and find out where their iconic outfit of a beaked mask and robe came from.--The year is 1656. Your body i... The plague of Justinian or Justinianic plague (541–549 AD) was a bubonic plague epidemic and the first recorded major outbreak of the first plague pandemic: the first Old World pandemic of plague, the contagious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The disease afflicted the entire Mediterranean Basin, Europe, and the Near East ...Find 86 ways to say PLAGUE, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com, the world's most trusted free thesaurus.Plague. Plague is an infectious disease of animals and humans caused by a bacterium named Yersinia pestis. People usually get plague from the bite of a rodent flea that is carrying plague bacteria or by handling an infected animal. Although plague is a rare disease, about half of US cases each year occur in New Mexico. Antibiotics are effective ... Sep 7, 2023 · Blurbs expose this ecosystem for what it really is: a nepotism-filled system that everyone endures for a chance of “making it” in an impossible industry for most. To borrow a phrase from ... Jul 23, 2021 · The plague is treatable in humans and animals if caught and addressed early. CBSN Denver noted that last year, two people in Colorado were confirmed to have contracted the plague, and both survived. In the 17th century, people believed these outfits could purify poisonous air. They were wrong. During the 17th-century European plague, physicians wore beaked masks, leather gloves, and long ...History of Plague Epidemics. The plague has afflicted humanity for thousands of years.1, 2, 3 Molecular studies identified the presence of the Y. pestis plague DNA genome in 2 Bronze Age skeletons dated at roughly 3800 years old. 9 In the biblical book 1 Samuel from approximately 1000 BCE, the Philistines experience an outbreak of tumors associated with rodents, which might have been bubonic ...Synonyms for PLAGUE: afflict, persecute, torture, besiege, curse, attack, beset, torment; Antonyms of PLAGUE: help, aid, assist, relieve, release, deliver, abet, comfortDefinition of plague. a serious (sometimes fatal) infection of rodents caused by Yersinia pestis and accidentally transmitted to humans by the bite of a flea that has bitten an infected animal; an annoyance; "those children are a damn plague"; any epidemic disease with a high death rate; any large scale calamity (especially when thought to be sent by God)Jul 9, 2021 · Bioterrorism. Plague is an infectious disease that can cause serious illness in people living in rural areas of the western United States and parts of Africa, Asia, and South America. It is caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, and people usually get plague after being bitten by an infected flea or handling an infected animal. It is possible ... Synonyms for PLAGUE: afflict, persecute, torture, besiege, curse, attack, beset, torment; Antonyms of PLAGUE: help, aid, assist, relieve, release, deliver, abet, comfort Bubonic plague, the disease's most common form, refers to telltale buboes—painfully swollen lymph nodes—that appear around the groin, armpit, or neck. The skin sores become black, leading to ...Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Symptoms include fever, weakness and headache. Usually this begins one to seven days after exposure. There are three forms of plague, each affecting a different part of the body and causing associated symptoms. Jul 7, 2022 · Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas. It is transmitted between animals through fleas. Humans can be infected through: the bite of infected vector fleas. unprotected contact with infectious bodily fluids or contaminated materials. a. : an epidemic disease causing a high rate of mortality : pestilence. b. : a virulent contagious febrile disease that is caused by a bacterium (Yersinia pestis) and that occurs in bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic forms. called also black death. 3. a.Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. [1] One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop. [1] These symptoms include fever, headaches, and vomiting, [1] as well as swollen and painful lymph nodes occurring in the area closest to where the bacteria entered the skin. [2] Plague definition, an epidemic disease that causes high mortality; pestilence. See more. plague definition: 1. to cause worry, pain, or difficulty to someone or something over a period of time: 2. to annoy…. Learn more. Septicemic plague can occur as the first symptom of plague or may develop from untreated bubonic plague. This form results from bites of infected fleas or from handling an infected animal. Pneumonic plague: The incubation period of pneumonic plague is usually just 1 to 3 days. Patients develop fever, headache, weakness, and a rapidly developing ...Plague. Plague is an infectious disease of animals and humans caused by a bacterium named Yersinia pestis. People usually get plague from the bite of a rodent flea that is carrying plague bacteria or by handling an infected animal. Although plague is a rare disease, about half of US cases each year occur in New Mexico.Plagues of Egypt. Scenes from the book of Exodus: The death of the firstborns (including the Pharaoh 's son), and the Israelites leaving Egypt ( Haggadah shel Pesaḥ, 1325–1374 CE, Barcelona via British Library) The Plagues of Egypt, in the account of the book of Exodus, are ten disasters inflicted on Biblical Egypt by the God of Israel in ... The bubonic plague - named the Black Death by later historians - was caused by the yersinia pestis bacteria, which lived in rodent populations and was spread by fleas that had bitten infected animals. Once the plague transferred to animals that were in close contact with humans and to humans themselves, it began to spread along established ...The plague of Justinian or Justinianic plague (541–549 AD) was a bubonic plague epidemic and the first recorded major outbreak of the first plague pandemic: the first Old World pandemic of plague, the contagious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. The disease afflicted the entire Mediterranean Basin, Europe, and the Near East ...“[Blurbs] are a PLAGUE on this industry” said Lucy Carson (emphasis her own), a literary agent at The Friedrich Agency who has worked with literary bigwigs like Pulitzer Prize-winner Elizabeth ...Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas. It is transmitted between animals from their fleas. Humans can be contaminated by the bite of infected fleas, through direct contact with infected materials or by inhalation.Plague. Plague is an infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas. The disease is transmitted between animals via their fleas and, as it is a zoonotic bacterium, it can also transmit from animals to humans. Humans can be contaminated by the bite of infected fleas, through direct contact ... The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic, which reached England in June 1348. It was the first and most severe manifestation of the second pandemic, caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria. The term Black Death was not used until the late 17th century. Originating in Asia, it spread west along the trade routes across Europe and arrived on the ...Plague is a febrile illness that typically manifests into one or more clinical syndromes, often reflecting the route of exposure to the bacterium. These clinical syndromes include bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic plague. Several classes of antibiotics are effective against plague. Plague can be rapidly fatal if appropriate antimicrobial ...Jul 22, 2021 · The 10-year-old child who died of plague earlier this month was a La Plata County resident. Plague is caused by bacteria and usually is transmitted by bites from infected fleas. Prairie dogs ... Plague Inc. is a unique mix of high strategy and terrifyingly realistic simulation with over 700 million games played! Your pathogen has just infected 'Patient Zero'. Now you must bring about the end of human history by evolving a deadly, global Plague whilst adapting against everything humanity can do to defend itself.plague ý nghĩa, định nghĩa, plague là gì: 1. to cause worry, pain, or difficulty to someone or something over a period of time: 2. to annoy…. Tìm hiểu thêm. Synonyms for PLAGUE: afflict, persecute, torture, besiege, curse, attack, beset, torment; Antonyms of PLAGUE: help, aid, assist, relieve, release, deliver, abet, comfortThe plague is treatable in humans and animals if caught and addressed early. CBSN Denver noted that last year, two people in Colorado were confirmed to have contracted the plague, and both survived.Plague is transmitted between animals and humans by the bite of infected fleas, direct contact with infected tissues, and inhalation of infected respiratory droplets. Plague can be a very severe disease in people, with a case-fatality ratio of 30% to 60% for the bubonic type, and is always fatal for the pneumonic kind when left untreated.Plague. Plague is an infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas. The disease is transmitted between animals via their fleas and, as it is a zoonotic bacterium, it can also transmit from animals to humans. Humans can be contaminated by the bite of infected fleas, through direct contact ... The Plague Disease and Plague as a Bioweapon sections of this Safety and Health Topic provide extensive information on the hazards associated with plague and applicable controls. Additional guidance specific to various types of workers, and associated issues on recognizing and controlling exposure to plague is provided in the following sections ... Plague should be considered in any patient with clinical signs of plague and a recent history of residence in or travel to the western United States or other plague endemic areas. Bubonic plague is the most common primary manifestation, with a bubo usually occurring in the groin, axilla, or cervical nodes.Bioterrorism. Plague is an infectious disease that can cause serious illness in people living in rural areas of the western United States and parts of Africa, Asia, and South America. It is caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, and people usually get plague after being bitten by an infected flea or handling an infected animal. It is possible ...Bubonic plague can advance and spread to the lungs, which is the more severe type of plague called Pneumonic plague. Pneumonic plague – or lung-based plague – is the most virulent form of plague. Incubation can be as short as 24 hours. Any person with pneumonic plague may transmit the disease via droplets to other humans.Responding to a Plague Bioterrorism Event. Kettles, buckets, lanterns, and other equipment were used in catching rats during the Public Health Service campaign against the New Orleans plague epidemic of 1914-1920. (Library of Medicine) Page last reviewed: February 7, 2022. Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National ...List of epidemics and pandemics. 17th-century German "plague panel" depicting the triumph of death. Panels of this kind were placed on the walls of houses to warn against the plague. A plague epidemic raged in Augsburg, Bavaria, between 1632 and 1635. This is a list of the largest known epidemics and pandemics caused by an infectious disease.
Plague. Plague is an infectious disease caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas. The disease is transmitted between animals via their fleas and, as it is a zoonotic bacterium, it can also transmit from animals to humans. Humans can be contaminated by the bite of infected fleas, through direct contact ... . Metro by t mobile houston reviews
Pneumonic plague transmission Although plague can sometimes spread from person to person, this is rare.1 A person who has pneumonia caused by plague may cough up droplets that contain plague bacteria. These bacteria-containing droplets can cause pneumonic plague if they are breathed in by another person nearby.This plague struck the earth, mainly Europe and Asia, from around 1346 to 1353. The plague killed between 75 and 200 million people. The cause of the plague was a bacterium called Yersinia pestis ...Black Death, pandemic that ravaged Europe between 1347 and 1351, taking a proportionately greater toll of life than any other known epidemic or war up to that time. The Black Death is widely thought to have been the result of plague, caused by infection with the bacterium Yersinia pestis.May 18, 2023 · Plague. Plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, is a disease that affects humans and other mammals. People typically get infected after being bitten by a rodent flea that is carrying the bacterium or by handling a plague-infected animal. Although the disease killed millions in Europe during the Middle Ages, antibiotics effectively ... Plague is a plausible diagnosis for people who are sick and live in, or have recently traveled to, the western United States or any other plague-endemic area. The most common sign of bubonic plague is the rapid development of a swollen and painful lymph gland called a bubo. A known flea bite or the presence of a bubo may help a doctor to ...New plague vaccines are in development but are not expected to be commercially available in the immediate future. Page last reviewed: November 27, 2018 Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) , Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD)a serious disease that kills many people, often used to refer to bubonic plague, a very infectious disease caused by bacteria spread mainly by fleas (= small insects that bite) on rats or other animals, that causes swelling, fever, and usually death in humans:The terms the plague or just plague (without the or a) refer to an infectious disease caused by a bacterium spread from rats to humans by means of flea bites. This plague is what is meant by the Black Death , which was a form of bubonic plague that spread over Europe in the 1300s and killed about a quarter of the population.Pneumonic plague transmission Although plague can sometimes spread from person to person, this is rare.1 A person who has pneumonia caused by plague may cough up droplets that contain plague bacteria. These bacteria-containing droplets can cause pneumonic plague if they are breathed in by another person nearby.Methods. CDC developed these guidelines after reviewing existing data on treatment and prophylaxis of plague, collecting and summarizing additional evidence, and gathering input from approximately 90 experts in numerous fields, including infectious diseases, emergency medicine, pharmacology, neonatology, obstetrics and gynecology, geriatrics, microbiology, epidemiology, and crisis standards of ...Nov 27, 2018 · New plague vaccines are in development but are not expected to be commercially available in the immediate future. Page last reviewed: November 27, 2018 Content source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID) , Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (DVBD) plague翻译：不斷困擾;折磨;使受煎熬, （尤指因不停提問而）使煩惱，打攪, 瘟疫。了解更多。.
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